ZH 
EN_US 
With the increasing, late marriage and late childbirth in China, as well as the two-child policy, and even the looming phenomenon of the third child in some regions, the group of elderly pregnant women has begun to approach the public’s vision. A variety of problems derived from it also appear egg quality decline, organ function cannot meet the conditions of pregnancy, mental anxiety, and so on, all of which form a huge obstacle for elderly women to seek a child.
One of the most recent studies of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is on the development of female oocytes and early embryos, and the female oocytes are also on senile oocytes, which are similar to “old age” eggs.
High-quality oocytes, a prerequisite for successful fertilization and subsequent embryonic development, are the material basis for the onset of life. In most mammals, female reproductive aging is particularly defined by a prominent decline in the quantity and quality of follicles and oocytes.
It has been shown that the fecundity of women begins to drop in the early 30s and declines more rapidly after the age of 35, accompanied by a dramatically increased incidence of infertility, miscarriage, embryo lethality, and congenital birth defects. The significant decrease of NAD+ levels in various tissues and cells is the most important factor leading to a series of age-related diseases.
As a precursor of NAD+, NMN has a great application prospect.
According to a study by the College of Animal Science and Technology at Nanjing Agricultural University, in vivo supplementation of NMN restored the NAD+ levels in maternally aged oocytes, enhancing their maturation rate, fertilization ability, and subsequent embryonic development potential.
Described as Figure 1.
Single-cell transcriptome analysis showed that NMN supplementation exhibited the following effects in aged oocytes:
- Restores kinetochore-microtubule attachment to ensure euploidy
- Improves the fertilization ability and early embryo development
- Recovers meiotic maturation
- Restores mitochondrial function
- Attenuates ROS levels to suppress DNA damage and apoptosis
(A)Representative images of matured oocytes cultured in vitro from young, aged, and NMN+aged GV oocytes. Scale bar, 80 mm. (B) The rate of first PBE was recorded in young (n = 39), aged (n = 37), and NMN+aged (n = 33) oocytes after maturation for 12 h in vitro. (C) Representative images of the spindle morphology and chromosome alignment at metaphase I and metaphase II in young, aged, and NMN+aged oocytes. Oocytes were immunostained with the a-tubulin-FITC antibody to display the spindles and counterstained with Hoechst to visualize the chromosomes. Scale bars, 20 mm, 10 mm. (D) The rate of aberrant spindles at metaphase I and metaphase II was recorded in young (metaphase [M] I, n = 27; M II, n = 25), aged (M I, n = 23; M II, n = 21), and NMN+aged (M I, n = 25; M II, n = 21) oocytes. (E) The rate of misaligned chromosomes was recorded in young (M I, n = 27; M II, n = 25), aged (M I, n = 23; M II, n = 21), and NMN+aged (M I, n = 25; M II, n = 21) oocytes. (F) Representative images of kinetochore-microtubule (K-M) attachment in young, aged, and NMN+aged oocytes. Oocytes were immunostained with an a-tubulin-FITC antibody to show the spindles, with CREST to visualize the kinetochores and counterstained with Hoechst to display the chromosomes. Scale bars, 5 mm, 2 mm. (G) The rate of defective K-M attachment was recorded in young (n = 17), aged (n = 14), and NMN+aged (n = 13) oocytes. (H) Representative images of euploid and aneuploid oocytes. Chromosome spreading was performed to count the chromosomes in young, aged, and NMN+aged oocytes. Scale bar, 5 mm. (I) The rate of aneuploidy was recorded in young (n = 15), aged (n = 14), and NMN+aged (n = 16) oocytes. Data in (B), (D), (E), (G), and (I) are presented as mean percentage (mean ± SEM) of at least three independent experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Thus, the quantity and quality of aged oocytes can be improved, which provides a solid theoretical basis for the application of NMN in improving the fertility of aged females. Although it has only been developed into animal trials, it is believed that NMN will soon go into clinical trials and eventually bring good news to the elderly people who are preparing to have children in the form of dietary supplements or drugs based on its factual basis in the field of anti-aging.
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